RIGS Oil Field-34

GENERAL :

In order to ensure safety , it is essential to operate and maintain your batteries in accordance with the recommendations in this booklet.

a). ACID : Batteries contain dilute sulphuric acid which is poisonous and corrosive. It can cause burns on contact with skin and eyes. If acid is split on skin or clothing, wash plenty of clean water. If acid gets in to the eyes wash well with plenty of clean water and get IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION.

b)GASES : Batteries can give off explosive gases. Keep sparks, flames and lighted cigarettes away from battery and battery room. Ensure connections are tight before switching on, using only insulated tools. Areas where batteries are kept or charged must be adequately ventilated.

c).ELECTRICITY :

Use only insulated tools to make connections to a battery. Check the circuit to ensure it is safe before making a connection to the battery. Before working on a battery , always remove personal metal effects, such as rings, watches, bracelets, necklaces, etc.

ALWAYS PROTECT THE EYES.

e)ERECTION :
Erection and commissioning of batteries to be done in accordance with separate instructions provided by manufacturer.

FLOATING BATTERY SYSTEMS : In a floating battery installation the charger , battery and load are connected in parallel. The charger supplies the load current continuously whilst the battery remains in a charged condition, immediately capable of supplying the load should the main supply be interrupted.

CONDENSED INSTRUCTIONS

Top up all cells regularly with distilled or deionised water.

Keep the electrolyte level between the red and green mark, preferably near the green mark, etched on the transparent level indicator

.

If,before topping-up, the electrolyte level had fallen below the red mark, it is advisable to give the battery acharge for approximately ½ hour above 2.3 volts per cell after addition of battery grade distilled water in order to mix the electrolyte. Keep battery and surroundings clean and dry

.

Ensure bolted connections are tight. Keep connectors, pillars and bolted connections covered with petroleum jelly for protection against corrosion.

Take every precaution to avoid risk of explosion of gases particularly during charge.

Never smoke or use a naked flame near the battery, or in the battery room or take any action which could cause an electric spark.

Ensure that charging equipment maintains the battery at the correct voltage.

Examine all cells at regular intervals.

Action should be taken to restore any “out of step” cells to a fully charged condition.

The room in which the battery is housed should be well ventilated and its temperature as moderate as the climate will allow

.

The temperature of electrolyte should preferably never exceed 380C

FLOATING

The method of operation known as “floating” means that the charger, the battery and the load are connected in parallel.

The battery should be held constant at a voltage between 2.23 to 2.27 volts per cell, so that the battery will normally be maintained in a fully charged condition. The voltage to be maintained based on the ambient temperature as detailed in TableI.

TABLE-I

The charger on a floating system should have a current rating sufficiently high to ensure that the battery does not become discharged during prolonged periods of operation. The current rating of the charger should be higher than the normal continuous loads of the system, so that the battery only supplies the short duration peak loads when the current required is greater than the

charger output. The voltage output of the charger may be regulated either automatically, or manually .The automatic type of constant voltage charger will maintain the pre-set steady voltage indefinitely, if used within its rated output. With the manual type of charger, however, care should be taken to keep the voltage level correct at all times, particularly if loads vary appreciably

, by adjustment of the voltage control.

BOOST CHARGING

The battery should be recharged as soon as possible after any discharge, amounting to more than 5 to 10% of the rated capacity of the cells. A reference to the specific gravity of electrolyte in the pilot cell will indicate when a charge should be given. Should the fall in gravity of the pilot cell from the normal fully charged value, be greater than the allowable specific gravity drop, then the battery should receive a boost charge.
Operate the charger in accordance with the separate charger instruction, so as to supplya charge current to the battery. The initial “starting rate” charging current can be any value up to two times the “finishing rate” of charge, as given in the Appendix. The voltage of the battery will rise as the battery becomes charged. When the battery voltage reaches a value equivalent to 2.36 volts per cell, the charge current should be limited to a maximum of the “finishing rate” of charge. Where automatically regulated charges are employed, the charge current may not be under manual control, but the current output of such charges should not greatly exceed the finishing rate of charge, when the cells are gassing. Charging should be continued, taking specific gravity and voltage readings on the pilot cell, at half hourly intervals, until the readings become sensibly constant over a period of 2 hour

.

After the charging is over, the specific gravity of electrolyte has to be adjusted, if required, to a value indicated by the manufacturer by addition of demineralised water only. Use well calibrated hydrometer for the purpose of specific gravity measurement with a tolerance of +/- 0.005 points. Never use acid for level adjustment of cells. The type of charger and the controls provided on it, will determine the procedure to be carried out in order to charge the battery. The manufacturer's charger instructions should be referred to if in doubt

PILOT CELL ::: Select one cell of the battery as a 'pilot cell. For batteries containing more than 60 cells, select one pilot cell
for each 60 cells. Any variations in specific gravity of the electrolyte in the 'pilot' cell(s) will be indicative of the state of charge
of the whole battery. Keep the electrolyte level between the red and green mark, preferably near the green mark, etched on the
transparent level indicator by adding distilled or deionised water when required. After topping up,
it is preferable to give the battery a charge for approximately ½ hour, above 2.3 volts per cell. This will mix the electrolyte and
prevent water from stratifying at the upper level.

5.GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Specific gravity: The specific gravity of the electrolyte in fully charged cells should be 1.200+/-0.005 at 270 C. During the course of years there may be a slight fall in the maximum specific gravity values obtainable at end of charge, but acid should never be added except on the recommendations of the manufacturer.
2.Topping up Due to evaporation, and gassing on charge, water is lost from the electrolyte, and the level gradually falls.
Water must be added at intervals to bring the electrolyte to the correct level. Do not allow the levels to fall below the red mark.
The water used for this topping-up operation must be pure and should be demineralised and conforming to IS 1069 Never use metal vessels for storing or dispensing the topping-up water.
Water should preferably be added below the surface of the electrolyte, by use of a rubber syringe or plastic funnel. This helps to mix the water with the electrolyte. It will also help to assist mixing by having the battery on charge, with all cells gassing, either during, or soon after topping-up.
3.Preservation Keep the battery and surrounding clean and dry.
Wipe down the cells with a clean soft cloth dampened with clean water, if necessary, a small amount of mild detergent may be added to the cleaning water to remove any greasy film. Ensure bolted connections are tight. Keep connectors, pillars and bolted connections covered with petroleum jelly for protection against corrosion. Should any corrosion of the connectors occur because of spilt acid etc. carefully remove corrosion products, thoroughly clean and neutralize with alkali solution or dilute ammonia.
Dry the affected parts and liberally coat with petroleum jelly to protect from further corrosion. Care should be taken to ensure that the neutralizing solution does not enter the cell.
4.Temperature correction The specific gravity of the electrolyte varies with temperature. Any reading observed on the hydrometer should therefore be corrected as follows: For every 100 , above 150 C, add 7 point (0.007 specific gravity) to the specific gravity as read on the hydrometer
Similarly, for each 100 C, below 150 C, subtract 7 point (0.007 specific gravity) as read on the hydrometer

Coolant Green  is an inhibitor concentrate/chemical which is added to the cooling water of internal combustion engines in cases in which the coolant does not need to be protected from freezing. It efforts excellent protection against cavitation and corrosion to all metals and alloys that are used in cooling systems.It is especially appropiate for the use in heavy-duty engines such as those used in trucks,  ships and lokomotives.

• High performance corrosion inhibitor
• Being a nitrite free product it is compatible also with zinc - coated piping
• Easy control test with refractometer.

Handling :

Handle in accordance with good hygiene and safety procedures. Wear chemical safety goggles, rubber boots and heavy rubber gloves. Do not breathe dust, and avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure and wash thoroughly after handling.

Storage :

Keep container tightly sealed. < + 30 °C. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate 
Sulfuric acid monododecyl ester sodium salt.

Sodium monododecyl sulfate

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates consisting chiefly of sodium dodecyl sulfate [CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3Na]. The combined content of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate is not more than 8.0 percent. It contains not less than 85.0% of sodium alkyl sulfates calculated as C12H25NaO4S.

Identification—
A: Place 2.5 g in a silica or platinum crucible, and add 2 mL of 10 N sulfuric acid. Heat on a water bath, then cautiously raise the temperature progressively over an open flame. Ignite, preferably in a muffle furnace, at 600 ± 25 . Continue heating until all black particles have disappeared. Cool, add a few drops of 2 N sulfuric acid, and heat and ignite as above. Add a few drops of 2 M ammonium carbonate, evaporate to dryness, and ignite as above. Cool, dissolve the residue in 50 mL of water, and mix.

To a 2 mL portion of this solution, add 4 mL of Potassium pyroantimonate solution. If necessary, rub the inside of the test tube with a glass rod. A white, crystalline precipitate is formed.

B: Prepare a solution (1 in 10) after acidification with hydrochloric acid and boiling for 20 minutes. No precipitate is formed. Add barium chloride solution; a white precipitate is produced.

C: Dissolve 0.1 g in 10 mL of water and shake. A copious foam is formed.

D: To 0.1 mL of the solution prepared for identification C, add 0.1 mL of a 1 g/L solution of methylene blue and 2 mL of dilute sulfuric acid. Add 2 mL of methylene chloride and shake. An intense blue color develops in the methylene chloride layer.

Alkalinity—Dissolve 1.0 g in 100 mL of water, add phenol red solution, and titrate with 0.10 N hydrochloric acid: not more than 0.5 mL is required for neutralisation.

Sodium chloride—Dissolve about 5 g, accurately weighed, in about 50 mL of water.

Neutralize the solution with dilute nitric acid, if necessary, add exactly 5.0 mL of 0.1 N Sodium Chloride and titrate with 0.1 N Silver Nitrate (indicator: 2 drops of fluorescein sodium solution) to the first appearance of turbidity. Perform a blank determination, and make any necessary correction. Each mL of 0.1 N Silver Nitrate = 5.844 mg of NaCl.

Sodium sulcate— Procedure—Transfer about 1 g of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, accurately weighed, in 10 mL of water, add 100 mL of alcohol and heat at a temperature just below the boiling point for 2 hours. Filter through a glass filter while hot, and wash with 100 mL of boiling alcohol. Dissolve the precipitate by washing with 150 mL of water, collecting the washings in a beaker. Add 10 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid, heat to boiling, add 25 mL of barium chloride solution and allow to stand overnight. Collect the precipitate and wash with water until the last washing shows no opalescence with 0.1 N Silver Nitrate. Dry the precipitate, ignite to constant mass between 500 and 600 degrees by raising the temperature gradually, and weigh as barium sulfate (BaSO4: 233.39)

Amount (mg) of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) = amount (mg) of barium sulfate (BaSO4) times 0.6086

Unsulfated alcohols—Dissolve about 10 g, accurately weighed, in 100 mL of water, and add 100 mL of alcohol. Transfer the solution to a separator, and extract with three 50-mL portions of Petroleum Ether. If an emulsion forms, sodium chloride may be added to promote separation of the two layers. Wash the combined Petroleum Ether extracts with three 50-mL portions of water, and dry with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Filter the Petroleum Ether extract into a tared beaker, evaporate on a water bath and dry the residue at 105o for 30 minutes, cool, and weigh. The weight of the residue is not more than 4.0% of the weight of the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate taken.

Assay—Dissolve 1.5 g of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in water, warming if necessary, and dilute to exactly 1000.0 ml with water. To 10.0 ml of the solution add 25 mL Methylene blue solution (0.003 % w/v), 15 ml of methylene chloride and 20 mL of water. Titrate with 0.004 M benzethonium chloride, shaking vigorously and allowing the layers to separate before each addition, until almost the same blue color of the two layers is obtained.

1 ml of 0.004 M benzethonium chloride is equivalent to 1.154 mg of sodium alkyl sulphates, calculated as C12H25NaO4S.

REAGENTS: Potassium pyroantimonate solution—To 2 g of potassium pyroantimonate add 100 mL of water. Boil the solution for about 5 minutes, cool quickly, and add 10 mL of a solution of potassium hydroxide (3 in 20). Allow to stand for 24 hours, and filter.

Barium Chloride solution—Dissolve 12 g of barium chloride in water to make 100 mL.

Dilute Sulfuric Acid—Cautiously add 57 mL of sulfuric acid to about 100 mL of water, cool to room temperature, and dilute with water to 1000 mL.

Phenol Red solution (Phenolsulfonphthalein TS)—Dissolve 100 mg of phenolsulfonphthalein in 100 mL of alcohol, and filter if necessary.

Dilute Nitric Acid (10 percent HNO3) —Dilute 105 mL of nitric acid with water to 1000 mL.

Dilute Hydrochloric Acid (10 percent) —Prepare by mixing 226 mL of hydrochloric acid with sufficient water to make 1000 mL.

Fluorescein sodium solution—Dissolve 0.2 g of fluorescein sodium in water to make 100 mL 

Methylene blue solution—Dissolve 0.003g of methylene blue, 5.0g of anhydrous sodium sulfate and 1.2g of sulfuric acid in 100 mL of water. Anhydrous sodium sulfate is the emulsion breaker. 

Handling : Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing.

Storage : Keep storage tanks and containers closed and contents protected from dust, dirt, and moisture. Clean storage tanks on a regular schedule based on inspection and experience. Have storage tanks, containers, and transfer systems properly labeled for contents. Have procedures for determining product quantity in storage tanks and for accepting deliveries. Use tanks, transfer lines, pumps valves and process instrumentation designed for this material using approved materials of construction. Some materials commonly used are stainless steel, some plastics, and FRP. Mild steel, iron and nonferrous metals will be damaged by corrosion. Consult engineers if needed.