Copper sulphate manufacturer, Supplier, Exporter. We are keeping ready srtock of Copper sulphate in Mumbai, Gandhidham, Chennai, Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Kolkata, Dubai, Sharjah, Fujairah, Abu Dhabi., Sudan, Nairobi, Muscat Barka OMAN, Sohar, Yemen
RXMARINE CHEMICAL TAG::
Bordeaux Mixture exporter and stockist in India, Oman and the Middle East. We are keeping ready stock of materials to complete our regular customer demand locally and globally.
Uses of Copper Compounds: General Uses
To trace the history of copper compounds it would be necessary to go back much further than the fourth millennium BC. Records found in the tombs of the early Egyptians suggest that, at least, this ancient civilisation employed copper sulphate as a mordant in their dyeing process. Today, more than 5,000 years later, copper sulphate is still employed by the world's dyeing industry in the after treatment of certain dyes to improve their fastness to light and washing.
Another equally early recorded use for copper compounds was for the making of ointments and other medical preparations. Later, the Greek civilisation of the pre-Christian era of Hypocrates (circa 400 BC) saw the prescribing of copper sulphate for pulmonary diseases and by the 18th century AD it had come into wide clinical use in the western world, being employed for the treatment of mental disorders and afflictions of the lungs.
It is noteworthy that copper sulphate has lost none of its effectiveness over the centuries, neither have any harmful side effects been reported. Copper sulphate is still, however, highly prized by some inhabitants of Africa and Asia for healing sores and skin diseases. In the West it is widely used in baby foods and in mineral and vitamin tonics and pills.
Copper has a wide spectrum of effectiveness against the many biological agents of timber and fabric decay. It renders them unpalatable to insects and protects them from fungus attack. Copper sulphate has been in use since 1838 for preserving timber and is today the base for many proprietary wood preservatives.
The discovery more than 80 years ago that many algae are highly susceptible to copper, led to the use of copper salts by water engineers to prevent the development of algae in potable water reservoirs. They are also employed to control green slime and similar algal scums in farm ponds, rice fields, irrigation and drainage canals, rivers, lakes and swimming pools.
Another well known use for copper compounds is as a molluscicide for the control of slugs and snails. Less than one part of copper per million parts of water can control disease-transmitting aquatic snails, which are responsible for schistosomiasis or bilharzia in humans in tropical countries and fascioliasis or liver fluke of animals in both tropical and temperate climates.
Bordeaux Mixture is a combination of hydrated lime and copper sulfate.
IT'S TOXICITY;
IT'S WORKING;
RXSOL Agrichem Division is a renowned manufacturer and marketer of products that fulfill the essential nutritional needs of the crops. Envisioned in the year 1995 Today we take pride in being one of the leading manufacturer of agrochemicals and fertilizer. Products such as Fungicides Herbicides Insecticides Straight Fertilizers Micronutrients Water Soluble fertilizers ORGANIC Fertilizers FUNGICIDE Fungicides are pesticides that kill or prevent the growth of fungi and their spores. They can be used to control fungi that damage plants,including rusts, mildews and blights. They might also be used to control mold and mildew in other settings. 1. Mancozeb 75% WP : MAC-THANE80 WP - Mancozeb75% WP is a dithiocarbamate fungicide and affects the nervous system through their main metabolite, carbon disulfide. It is a multisite protective fungicide and inhibits spore germination. HERBICIDE A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. Selective herbicides kill certain targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based on plant hormones. 1} Glyphosate 48% SL 2} Metribuzin 70% WP 3} Pendimethaline 30% EC 4} 2,4-D Amine Salt 58% SL INSECTICIDE Insecticides are pesticides that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or more species of insect. Insecticides work in different ways. Some insecticides disrupt the nervous system, whereas others may damage their exoskeletons, repel them or control them by some other means. 1}Alphacyermetharin 10% EC 2}Lambdacyhalothrin 5% EC 3}Cypermethrin 25% EC 4}Deltamethrin 2.8% EC 5}Deltamethrin 2.5% WP 6}Imidaclorid 17.8% SL 7}Imidacloprid 30.5% EC 8}Imidacloprid 48% EC 9}Lambdacyhalothrin4.9% 10}Acetamipirid 20% SP 11}Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 12}Imidacloprid 70% WG FERTILIZERS - 1}Boric Acid 2}Borax 3}Mono Potassium Phosphate 4}Calclum Nitrate 5}Urea Phosphate 6}Mono Ammonium Phosphate 7}Potassium Scheonite 8}NPK 19-19-19 9}NPK 20-20-20 10}NPK 13-40-13 11}Ammonium Sulphate 12}Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate 13}Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate 14}Ferrous Sulphate Heptahydrate 15}Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate 16}Magneslum Sulphate 17}Potassium Sulphate 18}Potassium Nitrate 19}NPK 17-17-17 20}Calclum Ammonium Nitrate 21}Diammonium Phosphate 22}Urea 23}Manganese Sulphate
Uses of Bordeaux
Classification | Applications |
Agriculture | |
Major uses | Preparation of Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures for use as fungicides |
Manufacture of other copper fungicides such as copper-lime dust, tribasic | |
copper sulphate, copper carbonate and cuprous oxide | |
Manufacture of insecticides such as copper arsenite and Paris green | |
Control of fungus diseases (see below) | |
Correction of copper deficiency in soils | |
Correction of copper deficiency in animals | |
Growth stimulant for fattening pigs and broiler chickens | |
Molluscicide for the destruction of slugs and snails, particularly the snail host of the liver fluke | |
Other uses | Seed dressing |
Soil steriliser, e.g. Cheshunt compound (a mixture of copper sulphate and ammonium carbonate) to prevent "damping-off" disease of tomato, etc. | |
Control and prevention of foot rot in sheep and cattle | |
Bacteriastat for addition to sheep dips | |
Disinfectant in prevention of the spread of swine erysepelas and white scours in calves | |
Control of scum in farm ponds | |
Plant nutrient in rice fields | |
Preservative for wooden posts, wooden buildings, etc. | |
Preservative for wooden fruit boxes, planting baskets and other containers | |
Ingredient of vermin repellents, e.g. for application to bark of trees against rabbits | |
Stimulant of latex yield on rubber plantations | |
Protection against algal growths on flower pots | |
Public Health and Medicine | |
Destruction of algal blooms in reservoirs and swimming pools | |
Prevention of the spread of athletes foot in warm climates, by incorporation in the flooring mixture of swimming baths | |
Control of bilharzia in tropical countries, as a molluscicide | |
Prevention of malaria, in the preparation of Paris green for use against mosquito larvae | |
Antiseptic and germicide against fungus infections | |
Catalyst or raw material for the preparation of copper catalysts used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products | |
Industry | |
Adhesives | Preservative in casein and other glues |
Additive to bookbinding pastes and glues, for insecticidal purposes | |
Additive to animal and silicate glues to give water resistance | |
Building | Timber preservative and in the preparation of other wood preservatives, e.g. oil based copper naphthenates and water based copper/chrome/arsenic for the |
prevention of woodworms and wood rots | |
Ingredient of plaster to prevent fungus infection, e.g. to prevent the spread of dry rot | |
Ingredient of concrete, both as a colouring matter and as an antiseptic, e.g. for use in and around swimming pools | |
Modification of the setting of concrete | |
Protection against lichens, moulds and similar growths on asbestos cement roofing and other building materials | |
Control of the growth of tree roots in sewers | |
Chemical | Preparation of catalysts for use in many industries |
Purification of gases, e.g. removal of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulphide | |
Precipitation promoter in purifying zinc sulphate solutions | |
Precipitation of alkaloids as double salts from crude extracts | |
Source of other copper compounds such as copper carbonate silicate/arsenite/ | |
aceto-arsenite/resinate/stearate/tartrate/oleate naphthenate/chromate/chlorate | |
/alginate/fluoride/hydroxide, cuprous oxide/chloride/cyanide and | |
cuprammonium compounds | |
Decorative trades | Colouring glass |
Colouring cement and plaster | |
Colouring ceramic wares | |
Alteration of metal colours, e.g. darkening of zinc, colouring aluminium | |
Dyestuffs | Reagent in the preparation of dyestuffs intermediates |
Catalyst or raw material for the preparation of copper catalysts, e.g. preparation of phenols from diazo compounds, preparation of phthalocyanine dyes | |
Leather and | Mordant in dyeing |
Reagent in tanning processes | |
Metal and | Electrolyte in copper refining |
electrical | Electrolyte in copper plating and electro forming |
Electrolytic manufacture of cuprous compounds, e.g. cuprous oxide | |
Constituent of the electrodes and electrolytes in batteries | |
Electrolyte in the manufacture of copper powder | |
Electrolyte in aluminium plating and anodising | |
Copper coating steel wire, prior to wire drawing | |
Pickling copper wire, etc., prior to enamelling | |
Providing a suitable surface for marking out iron and steel | |
Mining | Flotation reagent in the concentration of ores, e.g. zinc blende |
Paint | Raw material for the manufacture of copper naphthenate and other copper compounds for use in anti-fouling paints |
Preparation of certain varnish or paint dryers, e.g. copper oleate, copper stearate | |
Preparation of certain pigments, e.g. copper chromate, copper ferrocyanide, copper phthalocyanine | |
Printing | Etching agent for process engraving |
Electrolyte in the preparation of electrotype | |
Ingredient of printing inks | |
Synthetic rubber | Preparation of catalysts used in cracking certain gaseous and liquid petroleum |
and petroleum | Fractions |
Preparation of cuprous chloride, used in the purification of butadiene and in the separation of acetylene derivatives | |
Preparation of catalysts used in chlorinating rubber latex | |
Purification of petroleum oils | |
Textiles | Preparation of copper compounds for rot-proofing canvas and other fabrics |
Rot-proofing sandbags | |
Mordant, especially in calico printing | |
Cuprammonium process for the production of rayon | |
Production of aniline black and diazo colours for dyeing | |
"After coppering" to increase the fastness of dyes | |
Catalyst in the manufacture of cellulose ethers and in cellulose acetylation | |
Miscellaneous | Improving the burning qualities of coke |
Laboratory analytical work | |
Ingredient of laundry marking ink | |
Dyeing of hair and horn | |
Ingredient of hair dyes of the phenylene diamine or pyrogallol type | |
Preparation of chlorophyll as a colouring material for food stuffs | |
Imparting a green colour in fireworks | |
Activator in the preparation of active carbons | |
Preservative for wood pulp | |
Preservation of fishing nets and hides on trawls | |
Obtaining a blue-black finish on steel | |
Treatment of carbon brushes | |
Ingredient of the solution used for preserving plant specimens in their natural colours | |
Impregnation in fruit wrapping papers to prevent storage rots |
Uses of Copper Compounds: Table B - Plant Diseases Amenable to Control by Copper Fungicides
Disease | ||
Plant | Common name | Pathogen |
Almond | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
Leaf curl | Taphrina deformans | |
Aloe | Anthracnose | Colletotrichum agaves |
Antirrhinum | Rust | Puccinia antirrhini |
Apple | Pink disease | Corticium salmonicolor |
Fireblight | Erwinia amylovora | |
Bitter rot | Glomerella cingulata | |
Canker | Nectria galligena | |
Blotch | Phyllosticta solitaria | |
Black rot | Physalospora obtusa | |
Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa | |
Scab | Venturia inaequalis | |
Apricot | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
Areca Nut | Thread blight | Corticium koleroga |
Arrowroot | Banded leaf blight | Corticium solani |
Artichoke (Globe) | Ramularia cynarae | |
Asparagus | Rust | Puccinia asparagi |
Avocado | Fruit spot | Cercospora purpurea |
Anthracnose (Black spot) | Glomerella cingulata | |
Bacterial rot | Pseudomonas syringae | |
Scab | Sphaceloma perseae | |
Azalea | Flower spot | Ovulinia azaleae |
Banana | Black rot (Die back) | Botryodiplodia theobromae |
Helminthosporiosis | Helminthosporium sp. | |
Sigatoka disease (Leaf spot) | Mycosphaerella musicola | |
Barley | Snow damage | Typhula itoana |
Covered smut | Ustilago hordei | |
Bean (Broad) | Leaf spot | Asochyta pisi |
Chocolate spot | Botrytis cinerea | |
Rust | Uromyces fabae | |
Bean (French and Runner) | Anthracnose | Colletotrichum lindemuthianum |
Powdery mildew | Erysiphe polygoni | |
Halo blight | Pseudomonas medicaginis var phaseolicola | |
Rust | Uromyces appendiculatus | |
Common blight | Xanthomonas phaseoli | |
Begonia | Mildew | Oidium begoniae |
Betel | Leaf spot | Bacterium betle |
Leaf spot | Glomeralla cingulata | |
Foot rot | Phytophthora colocasiae | |
Leaf rot | Phytophthora parasitica | |
Blackberry | Cane spot | Elsinoe veneta |
Blueberry | Powdery mildew | Microsphaera alni var. vaccinii |
Leaf rust | Pucciniastrum myrtilli | |
Fruit rot | Sclerotinia vaccinii-corymbosi | |
Brassicas | Damping off | Oipidium brassicae |
Downy mildew | Peronospora parasitica | |
Black leg (Canker) | Phoma lingam | |
Black rot | Xanthomonas campestris | |
Cacao | Brown pod rot (Die back) | Botryodiplodia theobromae |
Witches' broom | Marasmius perniciosus | |
Black pod rot | Phytophthora palmivora | |
Calendula | Leaf spot | Cercospora calendulae |
Carnation | Ring spot | Didymellina dianthi |
Leaf spot | Septoria dianthi | |
Rust | Uromyces dianthi | |
Carrot | Blight | Alternaria dauci |
Bacterial soft rot | Bacterium carotovorum | |
Leaf spot | Cercospora carotae | |
Cassava | Leaf spot | Cercospora henningsii |
Castor oil | Leaf spot | Phyllosticta bosensis |
Cattleya | Black rot | Phythium ultimum |
Celery | Blight | Cercospora apii |
Leaf spot | Septoria apii and Septoria apii graveolentis | |
Cherry | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
Leaf spot | Coccomyces hiemalis | |
Bitter rot | Glomerella cingulata | |
Leaf scorch | Gnomonia erythrostoma | |
Bacterial canker | Pseudomonas mors-prunorum | |
Brown rot (Blossom wilt) | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
Scab | Venturia cerasi | |
Chestnut | Blight | Endothia parasitica |
Ink disease | Phytophthora cambivora | |
Chilli | Blight (Leaf spot) | Cercospora capsici |
Blight (Collar rot) | Phytophthora capsici | |
Bacterial spot | Xanthomonas vesicatoria | |
Chrysanthemum | Mildew | Oidium chrysanthemi |
Rust | Puccinia chrysanthemi | |
Leaf spot | Septoria chrysanthemella | |
Cinchona | Damping off | Pythium vexans |
Cineraria | Alternaria senecionis | |
Citronella | Collar rot | |
Citrus | Sooty mould | Aithaloderma citri |
Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
Melanose | Diaporthe citri | |
Mal secco | Deuterophoma tracheiphila | |
Scab | Elsinoe fawcetti | |
Anthracnose (Wither tip) | Gloeosporium limetticola | |
Sooty blotch | Leptothyrium pomi | |
Black spot | Phoma citricarpa | |
Brown rot | Phytophthora spp. | |
Black pit | Pseudomonas syringae | |
Septoria spot | Septoria depressa | |
Canker | Xanthomonas citri | |
Coffee | Brown eyespot | Cercospora coffeicola |
Thread blight (Black rot) | Corticium koleroga | |
Anthracnose (Die back) | Glomerella cingulata | |
Rust | Hemileia vastatrix | |
Berry disease | Colletotrichum coffeanum | |
Conifers | Blight | Cercospora thujina |
Coryneum blight | Coryneum berckmanii | |
Canker | Coryneum cardinale | |
Fusiform rust | Cronartium fusiforme | |
Blister rust | Cronartium ribicola | |
Leaf cast (of Kauri Pine) | Hendersonula agathi | |
Needle cast (of Scots Pine) | Lophodermium pinastri | |
Phomopsis blight | Phomopsis juniperovora | |
Needle cast (of Douglas Fir) | Rhabdocline pseudotsugae | |
Root rot | Rhizoctonia cROCCORRXum | |
Cotton | Alternarii disease | Alternaria gossypii and Alternaria |
macrospora | ||
Sore shin | Corticium solani | |
Cowpea | Scab | Cladosporium vignae |
Cucurbits | Leaf blight | Alternaria cucumerina |
Wet rot | Choanephora cucurbitarum | |
Anthracnose | Colletotrichum lagenarium | |
Wilt | Erwinia tracheiphila | |
Powdery mildew | Erysiphe cichoracearum | |
Black rot | Mycosphaerella citrullina | |
Stem end rot | Physalospora rhodina | |
Downy mildew | Pseudoperonospora cubensis | |
Currant (Ribes) | Leaf spot | Mycosphaerella grossulariae and Mycosphaerella ribis |
Leaf spot | Pseudopeziza ribis | |
Cytisus | Die back | Ceratophorum setosum |
Daffodil | White mould | Ramularia vallisumbrosae |
Fire | Sclerotinia polyblastis | |
Dahlia | Leaf spot | Phyllosticta dahliicola and Entyloma dahliae |
Dalo | Leaf spot | Phytophthora colocasiae |
Delphinium | Mildew | Erysiphe polygoni |
Derris | Leaf spot | Colletotrichum derridis |
Dogwood (Cornus) | Spot anthracnose | Elsinoe corni |
Egg Plant | Leaf spot | Ascochyta melongenae |
Damping off | Corticium solani | |
Fig | Leaf fall and Fruit rot | Cercospora bolleana |
Rust | Cerotelium fici | |
Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
Canker | Phomopsis cinerescens | |
Blight | Phizoctonia microsclerotia | |
Filbert | Bud blight | Xanthomonas corylina |
Fruit trees | Crown gall | Bacterium tumefaciens |
Gambier | White root rot | Fomes lignosus |
Gardenia | Canker | Phomopsis gardenia |
Gerbera | Leaf spot | Cercospora sp. |
Ginseng | Blight | Alternaria panax |
Gladiolus | Corm rot | Botrytis gladiolorum |
Gooseberry | Die back | Botrytis cinerea |
Leaf spot | Mycosphaerella grossulariae | |
Cluster cup rust | Puccinia pringshemiana | |
American mildew | Sphaerotheca mors-uvae | |
Grasses | Snow mould | Calonectria graminicola |
Red thread | Corticium fusiforme | |
Brown patch of lawns | Rhizoctonia and Holminthosporium spp. | |
Stripe smut | Ustilago striiformis | |
Ground nut | Leaf spot | Cercospora arachidicola and Cercospora personate |
Stem rot (Southern blight) | Sclerotium rolfsii | |
Guava | Leaf spot | Cephaleuros mycoidea |
Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
Rust | Puccinia psidii | |
Hellebore | Coniothyrium hellebori | |
Hollyhock | Rust | Puccinia malvacearum |
Hop | Downy mildew | Pseudoperonospora humuli |
Powdery mildew | Sphaerotheca humuli | |
Hydrangea | Mildew | Oidium hortensiae |
Leek | Mildew | Peronospora destructor |
White tip | Phytophthora porri | |
Lettuce | Downy mildew | Bremia lactucae |
Ring spot | Marssonina panattoniana | |
Lily | Blight | Botrytis elliptica |
Maize | Downy mildew | Sclerospora philippinensis |
Mango | Red rust | Cephaleuros virescens |
Anthracnose | Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | |
Scab | Elsinoe mangiferae | |
Bacterial black spot | Erwinia mangiferae | |
Anthracnose | Gloeosporium mangiferae | |
Powdery mildew | Oidium mangiferae | |
Medlar | Scab | Venturia eriobotryae |
Millet (Italian) | Smut | Ustilago crameri |
Mushroom | White mould | Mycogone perniciosa |
Bacterial blotch(Brown blotch) | Pseudomonas tolaasi | |
Nectarine | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
Leaf curl | Taphrina deformans | |
Oats | Loose smut | Ustilago avanae |
Olive | Leaf spot | Cycloconium oleaginum |
Onion | Downy mildew | Peronospora destructor |
Orchids | Fusarium | Macrophoma and Diplodia spp. |
Paeony | Blight | Botrytis peaoniae |
Bud death | Sphaeropsis paeonia | |
Palm ( Palmyra) | Leaf spot | Pestalotia palmarum |
Passion fruit | Brown spot | Alternaria passiflorae |
Grease spot | Pseudomonas passiflorae | |
Pawpaw | Leaf spot | Ascochyta caricae |
Anthracnose (Fruit rot) | Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | |
Powdery mildew | Oidium caricae | |
Hard rot | Phytophthora parasitica | |
Peach | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
Leaf curl | Taphrina deformans | |
Pear | Scab ( America) | Cladosporium effusum |
Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
Firebiiglit | Erwinia amylovora | |
Bitter rot | Glomerella cingulata | |
Leaf spot (Leaf speck) | Mycosphaerella sentina | |
Scab | Venturia pirina | |
Pecan | Scab | Cladosporium effusum |
Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
Vein spot | Gnomonia nerviseda | |
Liver spot | Gnomonia caryae var. pecanae | |
Pepper(Red) | See Chilli) | |
Persimmon | Canker | Phomopsis diospyri |
Pineapple | Heart or stern rot | Phytophthora parasitica |
Piper betle | (See Betel) | |
Plantain | Black tip | Helminthosporium torulosum |
Plum | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
Black rot | Dibotryon morbosum | |
Bacterial canker | Pseudomonas mors-prunorum | |
Wilt | Pseudomonas prunicola | |
Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
Brown rot | Sclerotinia fructigena | |
Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa | |
Watery rot (Pocket plums) | Taphrina pruni | |
Bacterial spot | Xanthomonas pruni | |
Poplar | Septogloeum populiperdun | |
Poppy | Downy mildew | Peronospora arborescens |
Potato | Early blight | Alternaria solani |
Grey mould | Botrytis cinerea | |
Blight (Late blight) | Phytophthora infestans | |
Dry rot | Sclerotium rolfsii | |
Quince | Brown rot | Sclerotinia fructigena |
Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum | |
Raspberry | Spur blight | Didymella applanata |
Cane spot (Anthracnose) | Elsinoe veneta | |
Cane wilt | Leptosphaeria coniothyrium | |
Rhododendron | Leaf scorch (Bud blast) | Pycnostysanus azaleae |
Rhubarb | Downy mildew | Peronospora jaapiana |
Rice | Brown spot | Ophiobolus miyabeanus |
(Helmintliosporiosis) | ||
Blast | Piricularia oryzae | |
Rose | Black spot | Diplocarpon rosae |
Downy mildew | Peronospora sparsa | |
Rust | Phragmidium mucronatum | |
Leaf spot (Anthracnose) | Sphaceloma rosarum | |
Mildew | Sphaerotheca pannosa | |
Rubber | American leaf disease | Dothidella ulei |
White root rot | Fomes lignosus | |
Leaf disease | Helminthosporium heveae | |
Stem disease | Pestalotia palmarum | |
Abnormal leaf fall | Phytophthora palmivora | |
Rye grass | Blind seed | Phialea temulenta |
Safflower | Rust | Puccinia carthami |
Seedlings | Damping off | Pythium debaryanum, Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,etc |
Sorghum | Covered smut | Sphacelotheca sorghi |
Spinach | Leaf spot | Heterosporium variabile |
Downy mildew | Peronospora effusa | |
Spindle tree | Mildew | Oidium euonymi-japonicae |
Stock | Leaf spot | Alternaria raphani |
Strawberry | Leaf spot | Mycosphaerella fragariae |
Sugar beet | Leaf spot | Cercospora beticola |
Downy mildew | Peronospora schactii | |
Sunflower | Rust | Puccinia helianthi |
Wilt | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | |
Sweet potato | Wilt | Fusarium spp. |
Taro | Leaf spot | Phytophthora colocasiae |
Tea | Black rot (Die back) | Botryodiplodia theobromae |
Red rust | Cephaleuros niycoidea | |
Blister blight | Exobasidium vexans | |
Grey blight | Pestalotia theae | |
Tobacco | Brown spot (Red rust) | Alternaria longipes |
Leaf spot | Ascochyta nicotianae | |
Frog eye | Cercospora nicotianae | |
Blue mould (Downy mildew) | Peronospora tabacina | |
Wildfire | Pseudomonas tabacum | |
Tomato | Early blight | Alternaria solani |
Leaf mould | Cladosporium fulvum | |
Anthracnose | Colletotrichum phomoides | |
Fruit rot | Didymella lycopersici | |
Mildew | Leveilluia taurica | |
Fruit rot | Phytophthora capsici | |
Foot rot | Phytophthora cryptogea | |
Blight (Late blight) | Phytophthora infestans | |
Leaf spot | Septoria lycopersici | |
Grey leaf spot | Stemphylium solani | |
Bacterial spot | Xanthomonas vesicatoria | |
Tuberose | Blight | Botrytis elliptica |
Tung | Thread blight | Corticium koleroga |
Veronica | Septoria exotici | |
Vine (Grape) | "Coitre" | Coniothyrium diplodiella |
Anthracnose | Elsinoe ampelina | |
Black rot | Guignardia bidwellii | |
Leaf spot | Isariopsis fuckelli | |
Bitter rot | Melanconium fuligineum | |
Angular leaf spot | Mycosphaerella angulata | |
Downy mildew | Plasmopara viticola | |
Totbrenner | Pseudopeziza tracheiphila | |
Powdery mildew | Uncinula necator | |
Vine (Sultana) | Sooty dew | Exosporium sultanae |
Viola | Leaf spot | Centrospora acerina |
Violet | Scab | Sphaceloma violae |
Walnut | Ring spot | Ascochyta juglandis |
Anthracnose (Blotch) | Gnomonia leptostyla | |
Downy leaf spot | Microstroma juglandis | |
Blight | Xanthomonas juglandis | |
Wheat | Root rot | Gibberella zeae |
Rust | Puccinia spp | |
Snow damage | Pythium sp. | |
Bunt | Tilletia caries and Tilletia faetida | |
Willow | Black canker | Physalospora miyabeana |
Scab | Venturia chlorospora | |
Zinnia | Wilt | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
Uses of Copper Compounds: Agricultural Uses
Copper compounds have their most extensive employment in agriculture where the first recorded use was in 1761, when it was discovered that seed grains soaked in a weak solution of copper sulphate inhibited seed-borne fungi. By 1807 the steeping of cereal seeds in a copper sulphate solution for a limited time and then drying them with hydrated lime became the standard farming practice for controlling stinking smut or bunt of wheat, which by then was endemic wherever wheat was grown. Flour milled from bunted wheat had to be fed to animals or sold cheaply to ginger bread makers who had found a way of masking its bad taste and color with ginger and treacle. Within a few decades, so general and effective had become the practice of treating seed grains with copper sulphate that the appearance of more than a few bunted ears in a field of wheat was looked upon as a sign of neglect on the part of the farmer. So well have copper compounds controlled bunt that today this seed-borne disease is no longer of any economic importance.
The greatest breakthrough for copper salts undoubtedly came in the 1880's when the French scientist Millardet, while looking for a cure for downy mildew disease of vines in the Bordeaux district of France, chanced to notice that those vines, bordering the highways and which had been daubed with a paste of copper sulphate and lime in water in order to make the grapes unattractive to passers-by, appeared freer of downy mildew. This chance observation led to experiments with mixtures of copper sulphate, lime and water and in 1885 Millardet announced to the world that he had found a cure for the dreaded mildew. This mixture became known as Bordeaux mixture and saw the commencement of protective crop spraying.
Within a year or two of the discovery of Bordeaux mixture, Burgundy mixture, which also takes its name from the district of France in which it was first used, appeared on the scene. Burgundy mixture is prepared from copper sulphate and sodium carbonate (soda crystals) and is analogous to Bordeaux mixture.
Trials with Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures against various fungus diseases of plants soon established that many plant diseases could be prevented with small amounts of copper applied at the right time and in the correct manner. From then onwards copper fungicides have been indispensable and many thousands of tons are used annually all over the world to prevent plant diseases.
As a generalization, soils would be considered copper deficient if they contain less than two parts per million available copper in the context of plant health. However, where the soil contains less than five parts per million available copper, symptoms of copper deficiency may be expected in animals. The increasing use of chemical fertilizers which contain little or no copper are denuding soils of readily available copper and creating a deficiency of the element in plants and through them in animals. Copper compounds are now being added to the ever increasing copper deficient soils either direct or in combination with commercial fertilizers. This is particularly the case where the fertilizers are rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. Animals grazing on copper deficient pastures or obtaining an inadequate amount of copper through their normal diet will benefit from mineral supplements containing copper.
Copper sulphate, because of its fungicidal and bactericidal properties, has been employed as a disinfectant on farms against storage rots and for the control and prevention of certain animal diseases, such as foot rot of sheep and cattle.
Uses of Copper Compounds: Copper Sulphate's Role in Agriculture
Copper sulphate has many agricultural uses (see below ) but the following are the more important ones:
- Preparation of Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures on the farm
- Control of fungus diseases
- Correction of copper deficiency in soils
- Correction of copper deficiency in animals
- Stimulation of growth for fattening pigs and broiler chickens
- A molluscicide for the destruction of slugs and snails, particularly the snail host of the liver fluke
Preparation of Bordeaux and Burgundy Mixtures on the Farm
Because of their importance to farmers, instructions concerning the dissolving of copper sulphate and the preparation of both Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures have been included in the text.
Dissolving Copper Sulphate
Iron or galvanised vessels must not be used for the preparation of copper sulphate solutions. Plastic vessels, now freely available, are light and very convenient. To make a strong solution, hang a jute sack of copper sulphate so that the bottom of it dips a few inches only in the water. The copper sulphate will dissolve overnight. Copper sulphate dissolves in cold water to the extent of about 3 kg per 10 litres. If more than this is placed in the sack described above, then a saturated solution will be obtained and it may be used without serious error on the basis that it contains 3 kg copper sulphate per 10 litres.
Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture
Bordeaux mixture is prepared in various strengths from copper sulphate, hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) and water. The conventional method of describing its composition is to give the weight of copper sulphate, the weight of hydrated lime and the volume of water in that order. The percentage of the weight of copper sulphate to the weight of water employed determines the concentration of the Bordeaux mixture. Thus a 1% Bordeaux mixture, which is the normal, would have the formula 1 :1:100the first 1 representing 1 kg copper sulphate, the second representing 1 kg hydrated lime, and the 100 representing 100 litres (100 kg) water. As copper sulphate contains 25% copper metal, the copper content of a 1% Bordeaux mixture would be 0-25 % copper. The quantity of lime used can be reduced considerably. Actually 1 kg copper sulphate requires only 0.225 kg of chemically pure hydrated lime to precipitate all the copper. Good proprietary brands of hydrated lime are now freely available but, as even these deteriorate on storage, it is safest not to exceed a ratio of 2:1. i.e. a 1:0.5:100 mixture.
In preparing Bordeaux mixture, the copper sulphate is dissolved in half the required amount of water in a wooden or plastic vessel. The hydrated lime is mixed with the balance of the water in another vessel. The two "solutions" are then poured together through a strainer into a third vessel or spray tank.
Preparation of a 1% Burgundy Mixture
Dissolve separately 1 kg copper sulphate in 50 litres water and 125 kg washing soda (or 0.475 kg soda ash) in 50 litres water and slowly add the soda solution to the copper sulphate solution with stirring. Control of fungus diseases
Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures have been found effective in controlling a whole host of fungus diseases of plants. Normally a 0.5 % to 1 % Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture applied at 2 to 3 week intervals suffices to control most copper-susceptible fungi.
Generally, once the fungus spores have alighted on the host plant and penetrated the tissues it is difficult to control them. The principle of control must in most cases depend on protection, ie preventing the fungus spores from entering the host tissues. Copper fungicides are noted for their tenacity and for this reason, are much to be preferred in areas of high rainfall.
The simplest method of control is to apply a protective coating of Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture (or other copper fungicides) to the susceptible parts of the plant, so that spores alighting on them come in contact with the protective film of copper and are killed instantly. It is thus important to remember that the first spraying must ideally be made just before the disease is expected and continued at intervals throughout the susceptible period. For this reason it is important to take advantage of the early warning schemes which are in operation to ensure greater accuracy of the timing of the first spraying.
It must also be remembered that fungi are plants and that control measures that will kill them may not always leave the host plant unaffected. The use of too concentrated a fungicide mixture must, therefore, be guarded against, particularly for the early sprays.
Copper fungicides have been reported effective against numerous plant diseases. A list, by no means exhaustive, of some 300 diseases that have been found amenable to control by copper fungicides, appears in Table B.
Correction of Copper Deficiency in Soils
Where copper deficiency has been confirmed by soil analysis or field diagnosis, whether in plants or animals, it can be corrected very simply either by applying 50 kg copper sulphate per hectare in the form of a fertiliser before sowing or by spraying the foliage of the young cereal plants, when they are about 150 mm high, with 750 grams copper sulphate (dissolved in from 400 to 2,000 litres water) per hectare. The soil application has generally given the better results and has the advantage that it may have a residual effect for more than ten years. The foliar application has to be given annually to each crop. An alternative is to add a copper containing slag (normally about 1% to 2 % copper) at a rate of a tonne to the hectare.
Correction of Copper Deficiency in Animals
A method of correcting copper deficiency in livestock is to treat the soil on which animals graze. For example, in Australia and New Zealand swayback in lambs is being prevented by top dressing copper deficient pastures with 5 to 10 kg copper sulphate per hectare some time before lambing begins.
Other methods include drenching periodically with a copper sulphate solution; incorporating copper sulphate in salt and other animal licks; or by what is probably the most general method, incorporating copper sulphate along with other minerals and vitamins in the form of carefully blended supplements in the feeding stuffs.
Stimulation of Growth for Fattening Pigs and Broiler Chickens
The inclusion of up to as much as 0.1% copper sulphate in the diet of bacon and pork pigs and broiler chickens stimulates appetite and produces increased growth rate with a marked improvement in feed conversion.
A molluscicide for the destruction of slugs and snails, particularly the snail host of the liver fluke. All likely habitats of the liver fluke snail should be treated with copper sulphate at the rate of 25 kg to the hectare at least twice a year in June and August (northern hemisphere) or December and February (southern hemisphere).
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Copper Sulphate-CuSO4 x 5H2O |
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(CuSO4X5H2O) |
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>98,20% |
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Humidity |
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max. 2% |
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Water insoluble |
0.01% |
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(Acidity) Free H2SO4 |
> 0.10% |
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Ph: |
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Cu |
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>24.94% |
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Fe: |
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>0.05% |
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Ni: |
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19.6mg/kg |
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Pb: |
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25.9mk/kg |
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As: |
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>0.012% |
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Cd: |
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<5.00mg/kg |
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Hg: |
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<0.10 mg/kg |
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F: |
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<5.00mg/kg |
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Apperance |
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Crystal/Liquid |
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Dimension(crystal size) |
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80-800µ |
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Colour: |
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Blue |
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Density: |
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~1.188 g/sm³ |