ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SUL

How to determine the sulphate reducing bacteria in a sample

Sulphate Reducing Bacteria 

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are anaerobic organisms which require an oxygen free environment for growth. They reduce sulfate to hydrogen sulfide.  They are responsible for the  foul hydrogen sulfide odors and are direct agents for corrosion. The hydrogen sulfide immediately reacts with metallic or dissolved iron to form black iron sulfide.

How to determine the total number of aerobic bacteria present in a sample

Total Viable Count (TVC)

Total viable count is a method to determine the total number of aerobic bacteria present in a particular water sample or deposit. This is an empirical measurement because occuring singly, in pairs, chains, clusters, or packets and no single growth medium or set of physical and chemical conditions can satisfy the physiological requirement of all bacteria in a water sample.

Summary Of Method

How to determine Inorganic Phosphate

Phosphate Ortho, Inorganic and Total

Various forms of phosphate are used in the treatment of boilers and cooling systems. Orthophos phate ion, the simplest form has the formula PO4 =. It may also exist in water as H2 PO4 _or HPO 4=, depending on the pH. Complex forms of this ion, or polyphosphates, are also used for both scale control and corrosion protection in operating systems. Examples of complex inorganic phosphates are pyrophosphate, hexametaphosphate, and other polyphosphates.

How to prepare standard solution

Composition of Prepared Reagents

Reagent grade chemicals should be used in the preparation of all solutions. These reagents should be prepared only in a well-equipped laboratory, under the supervision of an experienced chemist. It is advisable to purchase these solutions from a laboratory supply house if complete laboratory facilities are not available for their preparation.

Acetic Acid-Sodium Acetate Buffer

How to determine pH of any solution

pH

Solution pH is measure of the concentration of active acid or base in solution. Exactly defined, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, but a simpler explanation is that pH is a number between 0 and 14, denoting various degrees of acidity or alkalinity. Neutral water has  pH of 7. Values below 7 and approaching 0 are increasingly acid while values from 7 to 14 are increasingly alkaline.

Pure water ionizes to produce hydrogen or acid ions (H+) and hydroxyl or alkaline ions (OH-) as illustrated.

How to determine level of Hydrazine

Hydrazine

Hydrazine in boiler water is an effective chemical oxygen scavenger, reacting with dissolved oxygen to produce nitrogen and water. These reaction products do not add solids to the boiler  water and are not corrosive to ferrous metals. For these reasons, hydrazine often is used rather than sodium sulfite as an oxygen scavenger in high pressure boiler.

How to determine metal ion concentration using photometric method

EDTA Chelant Demand Photometric Method

Theory of Test

How to determine hardness of water

Hardness, Titration Method (0-200 ppm) Theory of Test

This test is based on the determination of the total calcium and magnesium content of a sample by titration with a sequestering agent in the presence of an organic dye sensitive to calcium and magnesium ions. The endpoint, which occurs when all the calcium and magnesium ions are sequestered, is observed as a red to blue color change.

How to determine chloride ion concentration in water

Chloride Mohr Method (0-200 ppm)

The chlorides of calcium, magnesium, sodium iron and other cations normally found in water are extremely soluble. Since no precipitation occurs, the chlorides present in boiler and cooling waters are usually proportional to the cycles of concentration.